1️⃣ Shallow Copy vs Deep Copy

 Yes! In JavaScript, when you perform a deep copy, completely new memory is allocated for the copied object or array, unlike a shallow copy where nested objects still share references. Let me explain in detail.

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Shallow Copy

• Only copies the first level of the object/array.

• Nested objects/arrays are still shared between the original and the copy.

• Changes in nested objects affect both original and copy.

let obj1 = { name: "Alice", address: { city: "NY" } };
let shallowCopy = { ...obj1 };  // or Object.assign({}, obj1)

shallowCopy.address.city = "LA";
console.log(obj1.address.city); // Output: "LA" → nested object shared!

Notice that changing the nested object in shallowCopy also affects obj1.

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Deep Copy

• Creates a completely independent copy.

• Nested objects/arrays are also copied to new memory locations.

• Changing the copy does not affect the original.

let obj1 = { name: "Alice", address: { city: "NY" } };

// Using JSON method for deep copy
let deepCopy = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(obj1));

deepCopy.address.city = "LA";
console.log(obj1.address.city); // Output: "NY" → original remains unchanged

✅ Here, deepCopy has different memory for nested objects.

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2️⃣ Other Ways to Deep Copy

1. Using structuredClone (modern JS)

let deepCopy = structuredClone(obj1);

2. Custom recursive function

function deepClone(obj) {
    if (obj === null || typeof obj !== "object") return obj;
    let clone = Array.isArray(obj) ? [] : {};
    for (let key in obj) {
        clone[key] = deepClone(obj[key]);
    }
    return clone;
}

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✅ Key Point:

• Shallow copy → shares memory for nested objects.

• Deep copy → creates completely new memory for all levels.